The dermis is a layer of skin The skin is a soft outer covering of an animal, in particular a vertebrate. Other animal coverings such the arthropod exoskeleton or the seashell have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" . In mammals, the skin is the largest organ of the integumentary between the epidermis The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, composed of terminally differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, acting as the body's major barrier against an inhospitable environment. It is the thinnest on the eyelids at .05 mm and the thickest on the palms and soles at 1.5 mm (0.059 in). It is ectodermal in origin and subcutaneous tissues 1. Hair Shaft 2. Stratum Corneum 3. Pigment Layer 4. Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Basale 6. Arrector Pili Muscle 7. Sebaceous Gland 8. Hair Follicle 9. Papilla of Hair 10. Nerve Fiber 11. Sweat Gland 12. Pacinian Corpuscle 13. Artery 14. Vein 15. Sensory Nerve ending 16. Dermal Papillary 17. Sweat Pore, and is composed of two layers, the papillary The papillary dermis is the uppermost layer of the dermis, intertwined with the rete ridges of the epidermis, composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers and reticular dermis The reticular dermis is the lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis, composed of thick, densely packed collagen fibers, and the primary location of dermal elastic fibers.[1] Structural components of the dermis are collagen Collagen is a group of naturally occurring proteins. In nature, it is found exclusively in animals, especially in the flesh and connective tissues of mammals. It is the main component of connective tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. Collagen, in the form of elongated, elastic fibers Elastic fibers are bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. These fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed. Elastic fibers include elastin, elaunin and oxytalan, and extrafibrillar matrix (previously called ground substance Cells are surrounded by extracellular matrix in tissues, which acts as a support for the cells. Ground substance traditionally does not include collagen but does include all the other proteinaceous components, including proteoglycans, matrix proteins and, most prevalent, water. The non-collagenous components of extracellular matrix will vary).[2]

Additional images

Epidermis and dermis of human skin.

Cross-section of all human skin layers.

References

  1. ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. Pages 1, 11-12. ISBN 0721629210.
  2. ^ Marks, James G; Miller, Jeffery (2006). Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology (4th ed.). Elsevier Inc. Page 8-9. ISBN 1-4160-3185-5.
This dermatology Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases, a unique specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist takes care of diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Integumentary system The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the attachment (TA A16 Terminologia Anatomica is the international standard on human anatomic terminology. It was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and was released in 1998. It supersedes the previous standard, Nomina Anatomica. Terminologia Anatomica contains, GA 10.1062 medulla: Solitary tract · Solitary nucleus (Gustatory nucleus))
Skin The skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is not unlike that of most other mammals except that it is not protected by a pelt and appears hairless
Epidermis The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, composed of terminally differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, acting as the body's major barrier against an inhospitable environment. It is the thinnest on the eyelids at .05 mm and the thickest on the palms and soles at 1.5 mm (0.059 in). It is ectodermal in origin Stratum corneum The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of large, flat, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum. From the Latin for horned layer, this skin layer is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough · Stratum lucidum The stratum lucidum is a layer of the epidermis found throughout the body, but is thickest on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Located between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers. It is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. The thickness of the lucidum is controled by the rate of mitosis · Stratum granulosum The stratum granulosum is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum corneum (and possibly stratum lucidum) and stratum spinosum. In this layer, keratinocytes are now called granular cells, and contain keratohyalin and lamellar granules · Stratum spinosum The stratum spinosum is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. This layer is also referred to as the "spinous" or "prickle-cell" layer. This apearence is due to desmosomal connections of adjacent cells. The cells in the stratum spinosum produce and secrete bipolar lipids which prevent · Stratum germinativum (basale) The Stratum germinativum is the deepest layer of the 5 layers of the epidermis, which is the outer covering of skin in mammals. The stratum germinativum is a continuous layer of cells. It is often described as one cell thick, though it may in fact be two to three cells thick in glabrous (hairless) skin and hyperproliferative epidermis (from a skin
Basement membrane zone Basal keratinocyte Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the human skin, constituting 95% of the cells found there. Those keratinocytes found in the basal layer of the skin are sometimes referred to as "basal cells" or "basal keratinocytes". The primary function of keratinocytes is the formation of · Lamina lucida The lamina lucida is a component of the basement membrane which is found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue . It is a roughly 40 nanometre wide electron-lucent zone between the plasma membrane of the basal cells and the (electron-dense) lamina densa of the basement membrane · Lamina densa The lamina densa is a component of the basement membrane zone between the epidermis and dermis of the skin, and is an electron-dense zone between the lamina lucida and dermis, synthesized by the basal cells of the epidermis, and composed of type IV collagen, (2) anchoring fibrils made of type VII collagen, and (3) dermal microfibrils
Dermis Papillary The papillary dermis is the uppermost layer of the dermis, intertwined with the rete ridges of the epidermis, composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers (Dermal papillae) · Reticular The reticular dermis is the lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis, composed of thick, densely packed collagen fibers, and the primary location of dermal elastic fibers
Subcutaneous tissue 1. Hair Shaft 2. Stratum Corneum 3. Pigment Layer 4. Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Basale 6. Arrector Pili Muscle 7. Sebaceous Gland 8. Hair Follicle 9. Papilla of Hair 10. Nerve Fiber 11. Sweat Gland 12. Pacinian Corpuscle 13. Artery 14. Vein 15. Sensory Nerve ending 16. Dermal Papillary 17. Sweat Pore Panniculus Panniculus is a medical term describing a dense layer of fatty tissue growth, consisting of subcutaneous fat in the lower abdominal area. It can be a result of obesity and can be mistaken for a tumor or hernia. Abdominal panniculus can be removed during abdominal panniculectomy, a type of abdominoplasty. A panniculus can also be the result of/Pannus Pannus is a medical term for a hanging flap of tissue. When involving the abdomen, it is called a panniculus and consists of skin, fat, and sometimes contents of the internal abdomen as part of a hernia. A pannus can be the result of loose hanging tissues after pregnancy or weight loss. It can also be the result of obesity. A pannus can come in (Panniculus adiposus The panniculus adiposus is the fatty layer of the subcutaneous tissues, superifical to a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus · Panniculus carnosus The panniculus carnosus is a part of the subcutaneous tissues in the study of animal anatomy. It is a layer of striated muscle deep to the panniculus adiposus. In humans only the platysma muscle of the neck is described as a discrete muscle of the panniculus carnosus. In other parts of the body, the layer is vestigial, and may be absent or may) · Stratum membranosum · Loose connective tissue Areolar tissue exhibits interlacing, loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and significant empty space. Its fiber run in random directions and are mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular fibers are also present. Areolar tissue is highly variable in appearance. In many serous membranes, it appears as a loose arrangement of · Superficial fascia Superficial fascia is found in the subcutis in most regions of the body, blending with the reticular layer of the dermis. It is present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck, and overlying the sternum. It is comprised mainly of loose areolar connective tissue and adipose and is the layer that
Adnexa Skin appendages are appendages that are associated with the skin and serve a particular function. In humans some of the more common skin appendages are hairs , arrector pilli (smooth muscles that pull hairs straight), sebaceous glands (secrete sebum onto hair follicle to oil the hair), sweat glands (can be sweat secreted with strong odour (
Glands

Sweat glands 1. Hair Shaft 2. Stratum Corneum 3. Pigment Layer 4. Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Basale 6. Arrector Pili Muscle 7. Sebaceous Gland 8. Hair Follicle 9. Papilla of Hair 10. Nerve Fiber 11. Sweat Gland 12. Pacinian Corpuscle 13. Artery 14. Vein 15. Sensory Nerve ending 16. Dermal Papillary 17. Sweat Pore: Apocrine · Eccrine Eccrine glands is composed of (1) an intreaepidermal spiral duct, the "acrosyringium," (2) a straight dermal portion, and (3) a coiled acinar portion in the dermis or hypoderman, and are found at virtually all sites on the human body. They are active in thermoregulation

Sebaceous The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin which secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate the skin and hair of mammals. In humans, they are found in greatest abundance on the face and scalp, though they are distributed throughout all skin sites except the palms and soles. In the eyelids, meibomian sebaceous glands
Hair Hair is a filamentous biomaterial, that grows from follicles found in the dermis. The human body, apart from the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth, hair types and hair care but hair is also an important
Root sheath Outer root sheath Sweat glands: Apocrine · Eccrine · Inner root sheath The inner root sheath of the hair follicle is located between the outer root sheath and the hair shaft. It is made of three layers: Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and the cuticle
Shaft Cuticle The hair cuticle is the outermost part of the hair shaft. It is a hard shingle-like layer of overlapping cells, some five to twelve deep. It is formed from dead cells which form scales that gives the hair shaft strength and do the best job of providing protection for it. The hair cuticle is the first line of defense against all forms of damage; it · Cortex The cortex of the hair shaft is located between the hair cuticle and medulla · Medulla Sweat glands: Apocrine · Eccrine · Bulb with matrix cells · Hair papilla A hair follicle is a part of the skin that grows hair by packing old cells together. Attached to the follicle is a sebaceous gland, a tiny sebum-producing gland found everywhere except on the palms, lips and soles of the feet. The thicker the density of the hair, the more the number of sebaceous glands that are found
Muscle Arrector pili The arrectores pilorum are small muscles which attach to the hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end - known colloquially as goose bumps
Nail In human anatomy, a nail is a horn-like envelop covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are also present in several other primates. Although not exclusive to primates, the development of nails is extremely rare in other mammals Matrix The formative layer of cells at the base of the fingernail or toenail. Also called the keratogenous membrane, matrix unguis · Lunula The lunula, or lunulae (nail moon), is the crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail. The lunula is the visible part of the nail matrix (i.e. the root of the nail) · Nail plate Sweat glands: Apocrine · Eccrine · Eponychium In human anatomy, the eponychium [Greek epi + onychion (little claw)], also known as the cuticle, is the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria. The · Paronychium Paronychium or the "lateral nail fold" is the term for the soft tissue surrounding the border of the fingernail or toenail · Hyponychium In human anatomy, a nail is a horn-like envelop covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are also present in several other primates. Although not exclusive to primates, the development of nails is extremely rare in other mammals
Other Skin flora

: INT, SF, LCT

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Histology: connective tissue
Classification
Proper/ Fibrous
Loose

Areolar · Reticular

non-fibrous: Adipose (Brown, White)
Dense Dense irregular connective tissue (Submucosa, Dermis) · Dense regular connective tissue (Ligament, Tendon, Aponeurosis)
Embryonic Mucous · Mesenchymal
Specialized Cartilage · Bone · Blood
Composition
Extracellular matrix (noncellular)
Ground substance Tissue fluid
Fibers

Reticular fibers: Collagen

Elastic fibers: Fibrillin (FBN1, FBN2, FBN3)
Cells
Resident

Fibroblast · Reticular cell · Tendon cell

Adipocyte

Chondroblast · Osteoblast
Wandering cell Mast cell · Macrophage
see also soft tissue

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Routes of administration / Dosage forms
Oral
Digestive tract (enteral)
Solids Pill · Tablet · Capsule · Osmotic controlled release capsule (OROS) · Softgel
Liquids Solution · Suspension · Emulsion · Syrup · Elixir · Tincture · Hydrogel
Buccal / Sublabial / Sublingual
Solids Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT) · Film · Lollipop · Lozenges · Chewing gum
Liquids Mouthwash · Toothpaste · Ointment · Oral spray
Respiratory tract
Solids Smoking device · Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI)
Liquids pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) · Nebulizer · Vaporizer
Gas Oxygen mask · Oxygen concentrator · Anaesthetic machine · Relative analgesia machine
Ocular / Otologic / Nasal Nasal spray · Ear drops · Eye drops · Ointment · Hydrogel · Nanosphere suspension · Mucoadhesive microdisc (microsphere tablet)
Urogenital Ointment · Pessary (vaginal suppository) · Vaginal ring · Vaginal douche · Intrauterine device (IUD) · Extra-amniotic infusion · Intravesical infusion
Rectal (enteral) Ointment · Suppository · Enema (Solution · Hydrogel) · Murphy drip
Dermal Ointment · Liniment · Paste · Film · Hydrogel · Liposomes · Transfersome vesicals · Cream · Lotion · Lip balm · Medicated shampoo · Dermal patch · Transdermal patch · Transdermal spray · Jet injector
Injection / Infusion (into tissue/blood)
Skin Intradermal · Subcutaneous · Transdermal implant
Organs Intracavernous · Intravitreal · Transscleral
Central nervous system Intracerebral · Intrathecal · Epidural
Circulatory / Musculoskeletal Intravenous · Intracardiac · Intramuscular · Intraosseous · Intraperitoneal · Nanocell injection
Additional explanation:
Mucous membranes are used by the human body to absorb the dosage for all routes of administration, except for "Dermal" and "Injection/Infusion". Administration routes can also be grouped as Topical (local effect) or Systemic (defined as Enteral = Digestive tract/Rectal, or Parenteral = All other routes).
Routes of administration
Gastrointestinal Oral · Buccal · Sublabial · Sublingual · Rectal
Respiratory system Pulmonary · Nasal
Visual system / Auditory system Ocular (Ocular-topical / Intravitreal / Transscleral) · Otologic (Oto-topical)
Reproductive system Intracavernous · Intravaginal · Intrauterine (Extra-amniotic)
Urinary system Intravesical
Peritoneum Intraperitoneal
Central nervous system Intracerebral · Intrathecal · Epidural
Circulatory system Intravenous · Intracardiac
Musculoskeletal system Intramuscular · Intraosseous
Skin Epicutaneous · Intradermal · Subcutaneous

Categories: Skin anatomy | Routes of administration |

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Space Coast Medicine and Healthy Living To simplify the discussion the skin can be divided into 3 main layers, the epidermis, the dermis , and the subcutaneous tissues. ...
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This instrument focuses laser beams on the . dermis. . This results in the formation of microscopic wounds that cure the damaged surface. This procedure effectively regenerates the displaced collagen. It's a costly approach to healing. ...

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What is the reason for considering the dermis as the true skin and not the dermis?
Q. What is the reason for considering the dermis as the true skin and not the dermis?
Asked by marilyn b - Mon Oct 8 20:58:33 2007 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. Having said "dermis" in both parts of your question, I assume you're intending one of those to be "epidermis." There is no standard or official consensus on what "true skin" consists of, but with the epidermis being the outermost layer, that would be the better candidate for "true skin." Another property that distinguish the epidermis from the dermis is that it contains no blood vessels. The major cell type found in the epidermis are called "keratocytes," which produce a protein called keratin. Keratin is a strong, protective substance which also makes up your hair and nails. Since the epidermis produces this outermost, protective layer, it could make sense to consider it "true skin."
Answered by Rich S - Mon Oct 8 21:21:10 2007

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